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<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:25%;"><img style="aspect-ratio:2550/3300;" src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Subaru_b6c53fccc0_1_c34176d9a0.png" alt="Subaru_b6c53fccc0 1.png" width="2550" height="3300"></figure>Author: Subaru&nbsp;is a design lead passionate about crafting impactful solutions through product design and research. Her versatile background spans visual, product, and branding design, with hands-on experience in eCommerce, logistics, and healthcare. Since joining Moon, she has embraced her curiosity and commitment to innovation to create designs that improve lives. Subaru’s professional interests center on design, product innovation, and aligning business strategy with creative solutions.<hr>I recently had a conversation with other designers about the evolving role of design tools. As we talked, we noticed a growing trend—some teams are moving away from traditional design prototypes and opting instead for rapid coding to build their prototypes. This got me thinking:&nbsp;Do we still need design prototypes?After debating this in my head, my answer is a firm&nbsp;yes! You might be wondering why, especially since jumping straight into a technical prototype seems faster. But speed isn’t the only factor that matters. Let me explain why design prototypes still play a crucial role in the creative process.&nbsp;<h3>From Sketch to Code:&nbsp;The Key Differences Between Design and Technical Prototypes</h3>First, let’s clarify the difference between a&nbsp;design prototype and a&nbsp;technical prototype.<ul><li>A&nbsp;design prototype includes wireframes, mockups, and clickable prototypes. It can be created quickly using tools like Figma, Sketch, or Adobe XD, or even papers requiring minimal resources.</li><li>A&nbsp;technical prototype is a coded, functional version of the product. It takes longer to develop and requires engineering resources.</li></ul>Each has its own advantages and trade-offs. A technical prototype provides a fully functional demonstration, allowing teams to test ideas with greater accuracy, assess feasibility, and uncover potential technical challenges. However, a design prototype enables rapid iteration based on user feedback, refining the concept before any coding begins. This flexibility helps teams adapt quickly and ensures they are well-prepared when development starts.For example, imagine you're in the early stages of designing a communication app. After several rounds of user testing, you decide to modify the chat screen layout to enhance the user experience. With a design prototype, you can make adjustments in minutes. Now, consider if you had jumped straight into a technical prototype—making such changes would be significantly more complex and could slow down the process.By starting with a design prototype, teams can iterate quickly, explore different ideas, and reduce the risk of costly rework later in development.&nbsp;<h3>Reclaim Your Focus: Innovate the Experience</h3>One of the biggest advantages of using a design prototype in the early stages is the freedom to explore new user experiences without being constrained by technical limitations. Without the immediate need for engineering support, teams can focus entirely on crafting innovative interactions and intuitive designs rather than worrying too much about how to implement them.A design prototype also allows test participants to concentrate on the experience itself rather than getting distracted by technical details. This creates a more authentic and unbiased response, leading to unexpected insights and organic innovation.By prioritizing the user experience first, teams can push creative boundaries and refine their vision before diving into development—ensuring that when it’s time to build, they’re working toward something truly impactful.&nbsp;<h3>Wait! What About Technical Prototypes?</h3>With all the praise for design prototypes, you might be wondering, what about technical prototypes? Are they still necessary? The answer is, absolutely! But the key is knowing when to use each type.&nbsp;<h3>What we need is… hybrid!</h3>Before jumping into prototyping, it’s essential to clarify&nbsp;your objective:<ul><li>What stage are we in?</li><li>Why do we need a prototype?</li><li>What are we trying to test or validate?</li></ul>By answering these questions, we can strategically choose the right type of prototype. Generally, we can break it down into two key scenarios:<ul><li>Use a design prototype → for early-stage ideation, user validation, and stakeholder alignment.</li><li>Use a technical prototype → for testing real-world functionality, system performance, and technical feasibility.</li></ul>A design prototype helps teams minimize risks, refine the user experience, and ensure that development resources are used efficiently on well-validated ideas. Meanwhile, a technical prototype is crucial for analyzing feasibility and performance factors, such as loading times, response time, frame rate (FPS), rendering speed, and overall responsiveness.&nbsp;<h3>Stay Agile and Adopt a Hybrid Mindset</h3>The best teams don’t limit themselves to just one approach—they adapt.&nbsp;Be flexible. Stay hybrid. Always ask yourself:&nbsp;What is the purpose of this prototype? Let that answer guide your process to success.

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<figure class="media"><oembed url="https://vimeo.com/1052170837?share=copy"></oembed></figure>While a wide range of research methods exist, interviews are often favored for their speed and ease of execution, especially when resources are limited. However, is the information gathered through interviews truly sufficient?<a href="https://www.mooncreativelab.com/stories/field-research1">In the previous article</a>, we explored the fundamentals of research and highlighted the significance of field research. This article delves deeper into field research—despite being time-consuming and labor-intensive, it plays a crucial role in uncovering valuable insights. We will illustrate its importance with real-world examples from Moon Creative Lab’s venture, MariMari. &nbsp;Table of Contents<ol><li>Marimari Project Overview</li><li>Why Field Research?</li><li>Research Planning</li><li>Research Practices and Findings</li></ol>&nbsp;<h3>1.Marimari Project Overview</h3>Marimari is a project by Mitsui Indonesia that aims to solve Jakarta's waste management problem.In Indonesia, rapid population growth and urbanization have led to a surge in waste generation. However, essential waste management infrastructure—such as proper separation and collection systems, incineration facilities, and landfill sites—remains insufficient, raising concerns about environmental pollution and public health risks.Moreover, public garbage collection services are unavailable, leaving most residents to contract with private waste collection companies and pay a monthly fee. Many residents express frustration over inconsistent collection schedules and unreliable service.In response to this situation, Mitsui Indonesia is addressing waste separation, collection, and environmental pollution as part of its broader mission to create a cleaner Indonesia and promote ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) initiatives.The project's name,&nbsp;“Marimari,” comes from Malay, meaning “Let’s do it!” The initiative was conceptualized by Aris Munandar from Mitsui Indonesia through&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mooncreativelab.com/learn">Moon’s ideation program</a>. He later advanced to Moon’s incubation program where the team began conducting research for business development.Born and raised in Indonesia, his vision is to “Make cleaner Indonesia a personal mission for everyone.” To bring this vision to life, he is collaborating with Moon to explore innovative waste management solutions.&nbsp;<h3>2.Why Field Research?</h3>At Moon, we prioritize defining problems and users to maximize the likelihood of product success. Clearly identifying "for whom" and "for what purpose" a product is being developed enables evidence-based decision-making and ensures services align with user needs.Marimari was no exception. Field research was conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of the problem, user, and stakeholders involved. The research had two primary objectives:<ol><li>Understanding Jakarta residents' waste-related behaviors, values, and pain points.</li><li>Understanding the waste collectors' business, processes, and challenges.</li></ol>The necessity of objective 1: Understanding different cultures Indonesia differs significantly from Japan in climate, society, economy, and religion, with over 80% of its population being Muslim. Conducting on-site research allowed the team to directly experience local customs and gain a deeper cultural understanding.The necessity of objective 2: Understanding an unfamiliar industry The waste management industry was largely unfamiliar to the team. Field research was crucial not only for understanding Indonesia’s broader waste challenges, but also for analyzing the structure, operations, and specific difficulties faced by individual waste collection businesses.&nbsp;<h3>3. Research Planning</h3>Once the research objectives were defined, we developed a research plan to determine how best to achieve them.1)&nbsp;Research Jakarta Residents' Waste-related Behavior<ul><li>Waste Stations in the City<ul><li>Investigate how waste is handled in residents' daily lives.</li></ul></li><li>Residential Home Visits<ul><li>Observe actual waste collection and sorting practices at home and conduct interviews with residents to understand their values and concerns.</li></ul></li><li>Resident-participatory Behavioral Experiment<ul><li>Identify the factors that hinder waste separation through observed actions rather than verbal responses.</li></ul></li></ul>(2) Industry Research on Waste Collectors<ul><li>Visits Waste Collection Sites and Landfills<ul><li>Observe the entire process from waste collection to recycling. Engage with business owners and on-site workers to gain insights into their challenges and perspectives.</li></ul></li></ul>Once the overall research plan was established, we detailed implementation procedures:<ol><li>Select target participants</li><li>Specify research methodology</li><li>Recruitment</li><li>Schedule coordination</li><li>Create discussion guides</li><li>Arrange recording equipment, consent forms, and other materials</li><li>Hire interpreters, if needed</li></ol>With preparations complete, the research moved into execution.&nbsp;<h3>4. Research Practices and Findings</h3>The following are key observations and insights from the two-week field survey.&nbsp;Waste Stations in the City<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:75%;"><img style="aspect-ratio:1500/1999;" src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/image4_93682afbf4.jpg" alt="image4.jpg" width="1500" height="1999"></figure>Upon arriving in Jakarta, we immediately noticed trash cans in shopping malls and office buildings designed for waste separation. However, as we observed users, many appeared confused about where to dispose of their trash.Was this due to unclear signage? Or were people simply unaccustomed to sorting? At this stage, the exact cause remained unclear, but we identified several potential factors:<ul><li>Residents are making an effort to dispose of trash correctly.</li><li>All trash bins are the same size and color, making distinctions difficult at a glance.</li><li>Illustrations indicating waste categories are attached to the bins but positioned too low to be visible when standing in front of them.</li></ul>While these challenges highlighted areas for improvement, a key finding was that residents showed a willingness to separate their waste correctly. This suggested that with better design and clearer guidance, waste separation could be more effectively implemented.The next step was to visit people living in Jakarta.<figure class="media"><oembed url="https://vimeo.com/1052171809?share=copy"></oembed></figure>Residential Home VisitsThe team visited condominiums and single-family homes to examine waste management systems and household conditions. This investigation revealed factors unique to Indonesia’s economic and climatic environment, including:<ul><li>The common employment of maids, even in middle-class households, plays a key role in waste disposal.</li><li>Concerns about winged ants and flies attracted to indoor waste.</li><li>The presence of stray cats that tear garbage bags when left outside.</li></ul>The research also uncovered the root causes of residents' distrust of waste collectors. Key issues included:<ul><li>Irregular and delayed collections leave residents uncertain about waste disposal schedules.</li><li>No uniforms make it difficult to recognize whether the person is a waste collector or a stranger.</li><li>Overflowing collection trucks result in scattered waste and environmental concerns.</li></ul>Additionally, residents expressed skepticism toward waste collectors because they were not required to separate waste. Many assumed that all collected waste was simply dumped in landfills, reinforcing negative perceptions.However, as the investigation progressed, the team discovered that some waste collectors were actively sorting waste by themselves. This finding highlighted that distrust stemmed not from actual practices but from longstanding operational transparency issues, fueling misconceptions about the industry.Based on these findings, the team proceeded with a behavioral experiment to assess residents' willingness and accuracy in waste sorting.&nbsp;Resident-participatory Behavioral Experiment: Exploring the potential of a sorting system<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:75%;"><img style="aspect-ratio:705/1000;" src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/image5_d591820e6a.jpg" alt="image5.jpg" width="705" height="1000"></figure>When asked, "Why don’t you sort your waste?" many residents responded, "We’re too spoiled!" However, it remained unclear whether this was due to a genuine lack of motivation or simply a lack of knowledge and proper infrastructure.To address these questions and determine whether sorting could be successful with the right system in place, the team conducted a behavioral experiment involving 230 households to measure both their willingness and accuracy in waste sorting.&nbsp;Experiment details<ol><li>Distribution of garbage bags Two types of garbage bags—one for food scraps and one for other waste—were distributed to each household.</li><li>Measurement of Garbage Bag Usage Two weeks after distribution, the collected garbage bags were counted based on color.</li><li>Assessment of Sorting Accuracy Feedback was gathered from waste collectors to evaluate the accuracy of waste separation and the overall participation rate.</li></ol>Results<ul><li>Participation rate: 54%</li><li>Accurate sorting rate: 84%</li></ul>Despite the simplicity of the experiment—merely distributing garbage bags—the findings revealed that residents were more willing to separate waste than expected. The results confirmed that proper waste sorting was entirely feasible, provided that an appropriate system was in place.<figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:1526/646;" src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/2025_03_14_13_59_22_5d6589e671.png" alt="スクリーンショット 2025-03-14 13.59.22.png" width="1526" height="646"></figure>Furthermore, the steady increase in the participation rate throughout the two-week period highlighted the importance of providing clear information on waste separation and the need for continuous efforts to raise awareness.<figure class="media"><oembed url="https://vimeo.com/1052172769?share=copy"></oembed></figure>Visits Waste Collection Sites and Landfills: Confirmed the lack of awareness of recycling activitiesPreliminary surveys revealed that only 7.5% of waste collection businesses handle the entire process from collection to sorting and recycling. To gain deeper insights into their operations, the team conducted site visits to observe their actual working conditions.During the visit, the team observed a facility using recycling equipment to separate plastics into 14 different types and compress them into small, fine pellet-like solids. However, it became evident that these recycling efforts remain largely unknown to residents.The distinction between businesses engaged in recycling and those that simply dispose of waste in landfills is not widely recognized. As a result, the efforts of recycling businesses are not being effectively communicated to the public, limiting awareness and potential support for sustainable waste management practices.&nbsp;<hr>This summarizes the field research conducted for the Marimari project. Through this research, we gained an in-depth understanding of Indonesia’s waste collection industry, shaped by a unique cultural background.We hope that the full process introduced here—from defining research objectives and designing the method to execution and key discoveries—serves as a valuable reference.Stay tuned for the next chapter where we’ll discuss how research findings impact the decision-making process in new business creation.&nbsp;<img class="image_resized" style="aspect-ratio:1440/2160;width:25%;" src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Moon_Creative_Lab_Yui_2_ab4b9bfe9c.jpg" alt="Moon Creative Lab_Yui_2.jpg" width="1440" height="2160">Yui Aiyama, Craft Lead

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<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:50%;"><img style="aspect-ratio:2550/3300;" src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Subaru_b6c53fccc0_1_c34176d9a0.png" alt="Subaru_b6c53fccc0 1.png" width="2550" height="3300"></figure>Author: Subaru (Ting Yan Wong) is a design lead passionate about crafting impactful solutions through product design and research. Her versatile background spans visual, product, and branding design, with hands-on experience in eCommerce, logistics, and healthcare. Since joining Moon, she has embraced her curiosity and commitment to innovation to create designs that improve lives. Subaru’s professional interests center on design, product innovation, and aligning business strategy with creative solutions.&nbsp;<hr>Throughout my time at Moon, I’ve been fortunate to collaborate with an amazing team on various healthcare projects. These endeavors have been both fascinating and deeply meaningful, as they touch on an area intrinsically connected to everyone’s life. Healthcare is not just a service or a system; it’s a deeply personal and universal experience.“Health is like air,” one participant told us during an interview — a simple statement that perfectly captures the paradox of health. It’s essential yet often invisible, deeply personal but challenging to articulate. It’s this abstract nature of health that makes design research in this space so complex and rewarding.At the heart of every healthcare project lies curiosity: How do people define health? Where does it fit in their lives? What motivates or hinders their well-being? Uncovering these insights requires creativity, empathy, and the willingness to embrace abstraction.So, how can we, as design researchers, translate intangible ideas into tangible insights? In this post, I’ll share strategies that help us understand users’ needs and craft solutions that truly matter.&nbsp;<h3>Ask the Right Questions</h3>To truly grasp people’s thoughts on healthcare, our first instinct is often, “Let’s talk to them.” Qualitative research allows us to go beyond surface-level insights, uncovering rich, personal stories that shape people’s experiences.But when it comes to health — something deeply personal yet shaped by emotional, cultural, and societal layers — the challenges multiply. Asking someone about their health priorities or habits demands more than simple questions. It requires trust, sensitivity, and an environment where people feel comfortable sharing openly.Take the “BEEfficient” project, for example, which aimed to introduce healthy eating habits for busy individuals.&nbsp;The team sought to gain a deep understanding of the participants' eating and cooking habits. However, they knew that directly asking interviewees straightforward questions, such as what they eat or cook, might result in overly predictable and surface-level responses. So, how could they uncover deeper insights? The key was in asking the right questions: thoughtfully crafted ones that encouraged reflection without leading answers.Rather than starting with direct questions about food, we encouraged participants to talk about their daily lives, including work, relationships, and social environments. By exploring how external influences shaped their habits, we gained a more comprehensive view of the factors driving their lifestyles and values. This approach revealed unexpected insights and highlighted the interconnectedness of health behaviors with broader life contexts.In qualitative research, the quality of engagement is just as important as the data itself. By&nbsp;facilitating an open dialogue and digging deep into the participants' lives, we uncover insights that lead to meaningful design solutions.&nbsp;<h3>Make It Fun</h3><img src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/image3_5943838812.gif" alt="image3.gif">Speaking isn’t always the best way for people to express their thoughts fully. Often, individuals aren’t entirely aware of their deeper feelings or complex thought processes. As researchers, our goal is to gather diverse perspectives and enable analysis from multiple angles, uncovering hidden layers of meaning.“Interactive Interview Exercises”&nbsp;can transform the research process. These activities create a relaxed, engaging environment that encourages participants to share their experiences more freely.&nbsp;Not only do they provide thoughtful reactions, but they also make the process enjoyable, reducing the formality and pressure often associated with traditional interviews.For the “BEEfficient” project, the team designed “Interactive Interview Exercises” to explore the factors influencing participant’s eating and cooking decisions as an online exercise. Participants were asked to select and prioritize these factors, leading to fascinating insights. For example, while many spoke about their family’s influence on shaping their food and health values, family often didn’t rank highly as a direct influence on immediate food decisions. At first glance, this seemed contradictory. But it revealed an important distinction: family plays a long-term,&nbsp;passive role in shaping habits over time, while immediate food decisions are driven by short-term factors like convenience, cost, or cravings.The interactive exercise not only surfaced these nuanced dynamics but also fostered a fun, collaborative atmosphere. Participants felt less like they were being interrogated and more like they were engaging in a meaningful activity. By creating this relaxed environment, we uncovered deeper, more authentic insights while ensuring the process was positive for everyone involved.&nbsp;<h3>Get Closer to Your Users</h3>We’ve discussed the value of online interviews and remote interactions, but sometimes, the most profound insights come from stepping away from the computer and meeting users where they are. Going offline allows us to observe real-life behaviors and experiences, providing a richer understanding of the user’s world.For instance, a Moon Entrepreneur-In-Residence (EIR), <a href="https://www.mooncreativelab.com/stories/entrepreneurial-mindset?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=subarublog250207en&amp;utm_id=subarublog250207en">Serene Li</a>, exemplified this approach during her work on the venture “Vital Grit,” a product designed to boost workout habits and performance. She was particularly interested in how her product could serve families with young children. Serene wanted to explore the challenges and joys of exercising with toddlers aged 1-3 and the potential hidden benefits of family workouts.To gain these insights, Serene visited participant’s homes to observe their weekend routine. She examined the living environment, interactions between family members, and how parents guided their child through workout activities under her in-person guidance. As a professional trainer, Serene offered guidance, making the experience both observational and participatory.This hands-on approach uncovered valuable insights. For example, the team discovered that parents faced difficulties in guiding their toddler’s exercises due to their lack of motor control and short attention spans. But they also found&nbsp;a significant opportunity: family workouts could not only serve as a way to encourage healthy habits but also act as a prompt for building emotional bonds and strengthening relationships with a shared focus on wellbeing. On the flip side, the research provided deeper insights into the challenges of designing effective workout programs for kids and the difficulties parents face in managing their children during exercise sessions. These findings reframed the productʻs value proposition, highlighting emotional connection as an essential benefit of exercising together as a social activity. Additionally, the team gained a clearer understanding of the productʻs feasibility, allowing them to refine their concept to explore opportunities that connect individuals, workouts, and their environment through social elements.By immersing ourselves in users’ lives and observing their realities, we uncover challenges and opportunities early in the process. Sometimes, the best way to understand your users is simply to step into their shoes, or in this case, their living room, for a workout session.&nbsp;<h3>Turning Abstract Idea Into Measurable Understanding</h3>Design research is collecting tangible insight that bridges the gap between abstract ideas and actionable solutions. Whether it’s asking the right questions, making the process fun, or immersing ourselves in users’ lives, each step deepens our understanding of what truly matters to people. In healthcare, this journey is particularly meaningful because it touches one of the most personal and universal aspects of life.By embracing curiosity, empathy, and creativity in our research practices, we uncover the hidden layers of human behavior and values. These insights guide the development of impactful solutions and foster deeper connections between teams and the people they serve.Ultimately, understanding users isn’t just about collecting data; it’s about telling their stories, respecting their experiences, and designing with their needs at heart. As we continue exploring the intricate world of healthcare, let’s remember that every question, every exercise, and every observation brings us one step closer to creating solutions that truly make a difference.&nbsp;<hr>Moon Creative Lab offers several programs to support startups. If you are interested in transforming your own business idea and growth, please check out the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mooncreativelab.com/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=CTA2502&amp;utm_id=storytelling+by+subaru">top page</a>.

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Problem definition is the first step in creating a business. At Moon Creative Lab, we emphasize the importance of first delving into problem definitions from multiple angles. In the business incubation process, it is only after a problem is defined that a vision or concept can be created.In this article, we introduce essential tips that can be applied to problem definition and user-research preparation. Table of Contents<ul><li>Four essential tips in problem definition&nbsp;</li><li>Tennis Bear as an example&nbsp;</li><li>Necessary rules in brainstorming</li><li>How to check your bias&nbsp;</li><li>Preparation for user research&nbsp;</li></ul><hr><h3>Four essential tips in problem definition</h3>Defining a problem is the first step needed before creating a project vision or concept. It is necessary to consider various factors such as what are the users' problems, who are the people in need and whether there are competitors.There are four points we analyze at Moon to help us define the problem we are looking to solve.&nbsp;①&nbsp;Pain Points + AspirationsTo make problem definitions more concrete, we need to know the challenges people are facing. We try to identify the problem by answering the following questions:What needs currently exist? &nbsp; What are the unfulfilled needs? Are there any needs that people aren't aware of?&nbsp; ②&nbsp;Problem Scale + Opportunity&nbsp;Analyzing the problem with statistics and other data can help better understand the scale and severity of needs. The results of further investigation can help provide hints for identifying solutions. If there is no data found, we can conduct simple research such as interviews to help identify the specific solutions needed. &nbsp;③&nbsp;User ExplorationIdentify ideas that could have potential solutions and start thinking about the end users.&nbsp;Identifying both the users and related stakeholders can help better understand the overall structure of the business. It is important to identify all stakeholders as clearly as possible and visualize them on a map. <img src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/_ff3826e98e.jpg" alt="ユーザーエクスプロレーション.jpg">④ Can We Test?We need to understand the current market and user behavior, confirm how they are currently dealing with problems, what competitive services are available, whether they can be solved with existing services, etc., and examine whether new solutions are needed.<h3>Tennis Bear as an example</h3><img src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Tennis_Bear_9bafde6d4d_5dc583f819.jpeg" alt="Tennis_Bear_9bafde6d4d.jpeg">Let's look at <a href="https://www.mooncreativelab.com/ja/ventures/tennis-bear">Tennis Bear</a> which is part of Moon's venture portfolio. Tennis Bear is a digital sports platform that brings recreational players together in Japan that allows users to search and make reservations at local tennis courts. Tennis Bear also allows users to search for players of the similar level as themselves.&nbsp; Below we apply the four essential tips in problem definition for Tennis Bear.&nbsp;① Pain Points + Aspiration.&nbsp; Before there was no way to check court availability online. Finding players at a similar skill level was a struggle among tennis players and these factors became important insights in finding what was needed as a service.② Problem Scale + Opportunity.&nbsp; The team identified the size of the tennis population, the number of courts, how many players are having troubles finding other players and how serious it is for users who love tennis.③ User Exploration.&nbsp; The Tennis Bear team examined various user scenarios such as experienced or inexperienced players, whether they play at a tennis club or whether they are tennis court owners or instructors.④ Can We Test?&nbsp; Tennis Bear searched for an online website that allowed users to check courts’ reservation status. What they found was that there was no service to make a reservation by searching for the availability of tennis courts. Based on this finding the team developed a function that allows users to search and reserve courts all at once.&nbsp; After the service was launched, Tennis Bear realized users were having a hard time finding training partners of a similar level. The team then added a function that allowed users to search for players of a similar level.&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/_be63be5dbe.jpg" alt="ポストイットはる.jpg"><figcaption>Brainstorming session using Post-its</figcaption></figure><h3> Necessary rules in brainstorming</h3>Quantity Over Quality&nbsp;Before starting a discussion on your initial problem space, realize this is just the starting point. A single idea often leads to many more ideas in a brainstorming session. The best brainstorming sessions thrive when they are open discussions valuing any and all ideas, and opinions. Remember that quantity is encouraged over quality here!&nbsp;Don't Judge Ideas Right AwayYou might want to judge some of the ideas shared right away which is natural. It's important to have an open mind and consider various possibilities without jumping to conclusions.&nbsp;Steps for a successful brainstorming session.<ol><li>At first, try to come up with ideas by yourself&nbsp;</li><li>Share and discuss ideas with others&nbsp;</li><li>Group similar ideas together &nbsp;</li><li>Vote and pick ideas to prioritize&nbsp;</li></ol>Prioritization can be discussed and decided over time but voting is more effective especially when time is limited.&nbsp;After identifying your problem definition and running a proper brainstorm you'll next need to identify any biases.&nbsp;<h3>How to check your bias</h3>Doing a bias check after sharing honest opinions during a brainstorm session is important to make sure you have seen all perspectives of an idea (not just your own).&nbsp;After the brainstorming session you'll want to separate the hypotheses from the questions. Hypotheses are statements that seem to be true about the ideas where as questions ask whether there is prejudice or risk against that hypothesis.<img src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/_dd80ad9d12.jpg" alt="バイアスチェック.jpg">By analyzing the hypotheses and questions you are able to identify speculation and potential risks. Often times if you are unsure about a hypothesis you will need to consider more research or asking an expert. &nbsp;<h3>Research Preparation</h3><img src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Design_research_thumbnail_7d739434e4.jpg" alt="Design research thumbnail.jpg">After narrowing our focus through the bias check process the next step is preparing for research. There are two items that are required in order to proceed: a strong vision and a game plan.&nbsp;Clarifying the vision plays a big role in deepening the shared goal and solutions among project members. Think about what needs to be shared to properly communicate your idea to others. Some questions you might ask include:What kind of influence would this create on people, and on whom? What kind of world do you want to create?&nbsp; What is the motivation?&nbsp; What are the barriers?&nbsp;Next, you'll want to develop a game plan which outlines the research plan and concept design. Start by identifying these questions:&nbsp;Who should we talk to?&nbsp; What are the risks?&nbsp; How serious is each risk?&nbsp;Based on the content identified through the brainstorming, we can easily answer these questions with confidence to create a shared vision among team members and develop a game plan.&nbsp;<h3>Next steps after Problem Definition&nbsp;</h3>Moon's incubation process moves from problem definition is just the first step to building a business idea. The next steps include clarification of vision, concept design, user research, prototyping, and product launch.This process is based on the design research methodology. Be sure to learn about the next steps here on Moon Stories!

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Problem Definition 

We recently spoke with two Moon Creative Lab Design Researchers about the purpose and methodologies of design research.<figure class="image"><img src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/L1500386_d3171a2cf7.jpg" alt="L1500386.jpg"><figcaption>Takuya Yamagishi has previous experience working in advertising strategy planning, brand concept development, and user research at an advertising agency. To learn more about the human-centered approach, he studied design research and service design at the Goldsmiths University of London and Hyper Island Design School.</figcaption></figure><figure class="image"><img src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Copy_of_L1500394_636d2a5024.jpg" alt="Copy of L1500394.jpg"><figcaption>Yui Aiyama studied design research at Stanford University d.school. At Moon Creative Lab, she is responsible for design research on ventures as well as developing a design research learning program.</figcaption></figure>Key Learnings<ol><li>What is design research?&nbsp;</li><li>What is the purpose of design research?</li><li>How does design research differ from market research?&nbsp;</li><li>Design research methodology&nbsp;</li><li>The role of the design researcher&nbsp;</li></ol><h2>1.What is design research?</h2>The term ‘design research’ is very broad but the easiest way to explain it would be “the research you do to design.” We often use this method to get clues when we are unsure of what kind of product we need to create.For example, if a Japanese company wants to sell refrigerators in Japan it might be easy to imagine the users and their needs. It should be easy to add features to existing products. However, if you want to sell the products overseas you need to better understand the cultural background of the country you’re trying to sell to such as the usage and value people see in refrigerators before designing a new product.The difference between domestic and overseas is just one example of differences in designing products. Without prior design research to design a product we wouldn’t have known how to meet specific user needs in an unknown area.<h2>2.What is the purpose of design research?</h2>One of the main goals of design research is to uncover users' hidden needs. Design research is a method for exploring users' needs in great detail and clarifying their unexpressed needs.By embracing one of Moon's values, ‘be human-centered’ this means we design products from the user's perspective. Through the design research process described below, we help our ventures to understand the challenges users face and develop an idea of what the users really need rather than designing for what we think they might need.&nbsp;<h2>3.How does design research differ from market research?</h2>Market research often uses quantitative and objective research data to analyze and verify hypotheses that are already established. This is different from design research because we focus on qualitative data and personal experiences. Approaching real users gives us a chance to create designs we may never have seen before.&nbsp;An example of a market research approach could be you want to give someone a gift so you search online; ‘10 best gifts for women in their 30s’. You identify a gift from the list that is within your budget and you give them something from that list.&nbsp;In design research, we would carefully observe the kind of person they are by looking into finer details such as what kind of books they usually read or what their daily routine might be. We would then make a hypothesis of what gift they would appreciate in order to pick the best present.<h2>4.Design research methodology</h2><img src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/_cffce98910.jpg" alt="名称未設定.jpg">The incubation process at Moon involves these four major steps:&nbsp;<ol><li>Concept definition&nbsp;</li><li>Develop MVP (Minimal Viable Product)&nbsp;</li><li>Product launch&nbsp;</li><li>Due diligence&nbsp;</li></ol>Each step will take approximately 3-4 months to research and validate the hypothesis. After 12 months, at due diligence, the progress will be assessed carefully by reviewing things such as investment value and existing risks. Due diligence is an important step to get the venture ready to become an independent company and eventually graduate Moon.At Moon, we put emphasis on the initial concept definition and vision session that takes place during this stage.<h3>What is a vision session for concept definition?</h3>Concept definition is the process of deciding what kind of product to develop for a specific problem. The first step in the concept definition is a vision session.The vision session is the process of verbalizing the purpose of the product. It is conducted in the early stages of the project to develop a common understanding between project leaders and team members.In this process we identify potential users, visualize the issues they’re facing, map out the stakeholders around them and identify questions from each process.<ol><li>Map out pain points (identify issues)&nbsp;</li><li>User exploration (list the potential users)&nbsp;</li><li>Map out stakeholders (clarify the relationships)&nbsp;</li><li>Map out questions (identify questions)&nbsp;</li><li>Bias check (identify the preconceptions)&nbsp;</li><li>Name-storming (pick a product name)&nbsp;</li></ol>After conducting various types of brainstorming sessions we conduct bias checks and try to clarify our users and the product image. Name-storming is done as a preliminary step before moving on to research and testing.Name-storming is the process of giving a name to a product. This is also a good time to register a trademark since there will be more opportunities to use a product name to communicate with users, create websites and other places where a product name is important.Through these processes we move on to collecting user feedback, feasibility studies, minimum viable product (MVP) validation, and then to product launch.<h3>User research in concept definition and product development stage</h3>In the early user research stage, we conduct bias checks by identifying users, issues, and questions from various perspectives in order to look for the most important question that reveals the core of the project.&nbsp;The research will be repeated several times if necessary, and the answers to the questions will be set as defined concepts. Then, research will be conducted again to validate the concept and the MVP that is developed based on the concept, to verify that the concept and the MVP are in line with user needs.&nbsp;Three common user research methods&nbsp;<ol><li>In-depth interview (one-on-one interview)&nbsp;</li><li>Observation (observe users’ behavior)&nbsp;</li><li>Home visit&nbsp;</li></ol>In in-depth interviews, we ask users one-on-one questions as we observe their responses and reactions. For observation and a home visit, we observe specific behaviors and routines of users.For example, in the observation research, we ask our users to actually use the coffee machine and observe the operating procedures in order to develop a coffee-related product. Even after a product is launched, we continue to observe our users.In the home visit research, we visit users’ homes and see their private space, and sometimes we can reveal issues and needs that even users are not aware of.In design research, we clarify the concept in a vision session, select the best user research methods, verify the concept by using prototypes, and assess the scalability of the product based on the results.<h2>5. What is the role of the design researcher?</h2><figure class="image"><img src="https://moon-website-prod-images.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/L1500432_1_1e57c9217d.jpg" alt="L1500432 (1).jpg"><figcaption>Moon Creative Lab’s design researchers Yui Aiyama (left) and Takuya Yamagishi (right)</figcaption></figure>A design researcher is an expert who conducts research to find out and create what users really want. This role is often performed by a management member or someone around them, but it does make sense to have a dedicated person to get things out from the user's perspective.Moon Creative Lab's design researchers describe their role this way.&nbsp;Takuya: It is not rare for startup companies not to have a design researcher. One of the most common reasons for startups not doing well is "there was no need for the product.” Design researchers always put the user at the center of their thinking process, conduct purposeful research, and objectively analyze the results to support successful product development that fits the user's needs and challenges. If a project seems to be going in a direction that does not meet the needs or challenges of the users, we may suggest pivoting.Yui: Pivoting means changing strategies and methods without changing the purpose of the service. In order to pivot effectively, it is important to (1) have a clear purpose and (2) not to be obsessed with one method. We as researchers help idea owners and teams verbalize their vision to clarify their objectives. At Moon, we hold a vision session with the project team when we launch a new business to define the service’s direction and to make sure all the members share a common understanding.&nbsp;&nbsp;Recommended Related Articles・<a href="https://www.mooncreativelab.com/stories/inclusive-design">Inclusive Design: Building With Everyone in Mind</a>・<a href="https://www.mooncreativelab.com/stories/prototypes">Low-Fi Prototypes for High-Tech Solutions</a>・<a href="https://www.mooncreativelab.com/stories/analogous-research">Learning From Analogous Research</a>

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